/**
 * Backbone.Native
 *
 * For all details and documentation:
 * http://github.com/inkling/backbone.native
 *
 * Copyright 2013 Inkling Systems, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/**
 * The purpose of this library is to allow Backbone to work without needing to load jQuery or Zepto.
 * This file provides a basic jQuery-like implementation for Backbone, implementing the
 * minimum functionality for Backbone to function. We assume that Backbone applications using
 * this will not expect the standard jQuery API to work, and will instead use native JS functions.
 *
 * Keep in mind that due to the APIs in this, it will likely only work on recent browsers.
 *
 * Note:
 *  - Core Backbone only needs collections with single members, so that is all that has been
 *      supported in this library. It is expected that you will just use querySelectorAll instead.
 *      This will be most obvious if you make heavy use of 'view.$'.
 *  - Events delegated with selectors starting with '>' are not supported.
 *  - Due to 'currentTarget' being read-only on standard DOM events, we cannot make standard
 *      events behave identically to jQuery's events when delegation is used. The element matching
 *      the delegate selector is instead passed as the second argument to event handlers.
 *  - The '$.ajax' implementation is very simple and likely needs to be expanded to better support
 *      standard use-cases.
 *
 * Tested with Backbone v0.9.2 and 1.0.0.
 */
(function(){
    "use strict";

    // Regular expression to match an event name and/or a namespace.
    var namespaceRE = /^([^.]+)?(?:\.([^.]+))?$/;

    var matchesSelector = Element.prototype.matchesSelector || null;
    if (!matchesSelector){
        ['webkit', 'moz', 'o', 'ms'].forEach(function(prefix){
            var func = Element.prototype[prefix + 'MatchesSelector'];
            if (func) matchesSelector = func;
        });
    }

    // The element property to save the cache key on.
    var cacheKeyProp = 'backboneNativeKey' + Math.random();
    var id = 1;
    var handlers = {};
    var unusedKeys = [];

    /**
     * Get the event handlers for a given element, creating an empty set if one doesn't exist.
     *
     * To avoid constantly filling the handlers object with null values, we reuse old IDs that
     * have been created and then cleared.
     *
     * @param {Element} el The element to get handlers for.
     *
     * @return {Array} An array of handlers.
     */
    function handlersFor(el){
        if (!el[cacheKeyProp]){
            // Pick a new key, from the unused pool, or make a new one.
            el[cacheKeyProp] = unusedKeys.length === 0 ? ++id : unusedKeys.pop();
        }

        var cacheKey = el[cacheKeyProp];
        return handlers[cacheKey] || (handlers[cacheKey] = []);
    }

    /**
     * Clear the event handlers for a given element.
     *
     * @param {Element} el The element to clear.
     */
    function clearHandlers(el){
        var cacheKey = el[cacheKeyProp];
        if (handlers[cacheKey]){
            handlers[cacheKey] = null;
            el[cacheKeyProp] = null;
            unusedKeys.push(cacheKey);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Add event handlers to an element.
     *
     * @param {Element} parentElement The element to bind event handlers to.
     * @param {string} eventName The event to bind, e.g. 'click'.
     * @param {string} selector (Optional) The selector to match when an event propagates up.
     * @param {function(Event, Element)} callback The function to call when the event is fired.
     */
    function on(parentElement, eventName, selector, callback){
        // Adjust arguments if selector was not provided.
        if (typeof selector === 'function'){
            callback = selector;
            selector = null;
        }

        var parts = namespaceRE.exec(eventName);
        eventName = parts[1] || null;
        var namespace = parts[2] || null;

        if (!eventName) return;

        var handler = callback;
        var originalCallback = callback;
        if (selector){
            // Event delegation handler to match a selector for child element events.
            handler = function(event){
                for (var el = event.target; el && el !== parentElement; el = el.parentElement){
                    if (matchesSelector.call(el, selector)){
                        // jQuery does not include the second argument, but we have included it
                        // for simplicity because 'this' will likely be bound to the view inside
                        // the callback, and as noted above, we cannot override 'currentTarget'.
                        var result = originalCallback.call(el, event, el);
                        if (result === false){
                            event.stopPropagation();
                            event.preventDefault();
                        }
                        return result;
                    }
                }
            };
        } else {
            // Standard event handler bound directly to the element.
            handler = function(event){
                var result = originalCallback.call(parentElement, event, parentElement);
                if (result === false){
                    event.stopPropagation();
                    event.preventDefault();
                }
                return result;
            };
        }

        parentElement.addEventListener(eventName, handler, false);

        // Save event handler metadata so that the handler can be unbound later.
        handlersFor(parentElement).push({
            eventName: eventName,
            callback: callback,
            handler: handler,
            namespace: namespace,
            selector: selector
        });
    }

    /**
     * Remove an event handler from an element.
     *
     * @param {Element} parentElement The element to unbind event handlers from.
     * @param {string} eventName (Optional) The event to unbind, e.g. 'click'.
     * @param {string} selector (Optional) The selector to unbind.
     * @param {function(Event, Element)} callback (Optional) The function to unbind.
     */
    function off(parentElement, eventName, selector, callback){
        if (typeof selector === 'function'){
            callback = selector;
            selector = null;
        }

        var parts = namespaceRE.exec(eventName || '');
        eventName = parts[1];
        var namespace = parts[2];
        var handlers = handlersFor(parentElement) || [];

        if (!eventName && !namespace && !selector && !callback){
            // Fastpath to remove all handlers.
            handlers.forEach(function(item){
                parentElement.removeEventListener(item.eventName, item.handler, false);
            });
            clearHandlers(parentElement);
        } else {
            var matchedHandlers = handlers.filter(function(item){
                return ((!namespace || item.namespace === namespace) &&
                    (!eventName || item.eventName === eventName) &&
                    (!callback || item.callback === callback) &&
                    (!selector || item.selector === selector));
            });

            matchedHandlers.forEach(function(item){
                parentElement.removeEventListener(item.eventName, item.handler, false);

                handlers.splice(handlers.indexOf(item), 1);
            });

            if (handlers.length === 0) clearHandlers(parentElement);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Construct a new jQuery-style element representation.
     *
     * @param {string|Element|Window} element There are several different possible values for this
     *      argument:
     *      - {string} A snippet of HTML, if it starts with a '<', or a selector to find.
     *      - {Element} An existing element to wrap.
     *      - {Window} The window object to wrap.
     * @param {Element} context The context to search within, if a selector was given.
     *      Defaults to document.
     */
    function $(element, context){
        context = context || document;

        // Call as a constructor if it was used as a function.
        if (!(this instanceof $)) return new $(element, context);

        if (!element){
            this.length = 0;
        } else if (typeof element === 'string'){
            if (/^\s*</.test(element)){
                // Parse arbitrary HTML into an element.
                var div = document.createElement('div');
                div.innerHTML = element;
                this[0] = div.firstChild;
                div.removeChild(div.firstChild);
                this.length = 1;
            } else {
                element = context.querySelector(element);

                // Length must be 0 if no elements found.
                if (element !== null){
                    this[0] = element;
                    this.length = 1;
                } else {
                    this.length = 0;
                }
            }
        } else {
            // This handles both the 'Element' and 'Window' case, as both support
            // event binding via 'addEventListener'.
            this[0] = element;
            this.length = 1;
        }
    }

    $.prototype = {
        /**
         * The following methods are used by Backbone, but only in code-paths for IE 6/7 support.
         * Since none of this will work for old IE anyway, they are not implemented, and
         * instead left for documentation purposes.
         *
         * Used in Backbone.History.prototype.start.
         */
        hide: null,
        appendTo: null,

        /**
         * Find is not supported to encourage the use of querySelector(All) as an alternative.
         *
         * e.g.
         * Instead of 'this.$(sel)', use 'this.el.querySelectorAll(sel)'.
         *
         * Used in Backbone.View.prototype.$, but not actually called internally.
         */
        find: null,

        /**
         * Add attributes to the element.
         *
         * Used in Backbone.View.prototype.make.
         *
         * @param {Object} attributes A set of attributes to apply to the element.
         *
         * @return {$} This instance.
         */
        attr: function(attrs){
            Object.keys(attrs).forEach(function(attr){
                switch (attr){
                    case 'html':
                        this[0].innerHTML = attrs[attr];
                        break;
                    case 'text':
                        this[0].textContent = attrs[attr];
                        break;
                    case 'class':
                        this[0].className = attrs[attr];
                        break;
                    default:
                        this[0].setAttribute(attr, attrs[attr]);
                        break;
                }
            }, this);
            return this;
        },

        /**
         * Set the HTML content of the element. Backbone does not use the no-argument version
         * to read innerHTML, so that has not been implemented.
         *
         * Used in Backbone.View.prototype.make.
         *
         * @param {string} html The HTML to set as the element content.
         *
         * @return {$} This instance.
         */
        html: function(html){
            this[0].innerHTML = html;
            return this;
        },

        /**
         * Remove an element from the DOM and remove all event handlers bound to it and
         * its child elements.
         *
         * Used in Backbone.View.prototype.remove.
         *
         * @return {$} This instance.
         */
        remove: function(){
            var el = this[0];
            if (el.parentElement) el.parentElement.removeChild(el);

            // Unbind all event handlers on the element and children.
            (function removeChildEvents(element){
                off(element);

                for (var i = 0, len = element.childNodes.length; i < len; i++){
                    if (element.childNodes[i].nodeType !== Node.TEXT_NODE){
                        removeChildEvents(element.childNodes[i]);
                    }
                }
            })(el);

            return this;
        },

        /**
         * Bind an event handler to this element.
         *
         * @param {string} eventName The event to bind, e.g. 'click'.
         * @param {string} selector (Optional) The selector to match when an event propagates up.
         * @param {function(Event, Element)} callback The function to call when the event is fired.
         */
        on: function(eventName, selector, callback){
            on(this[0], eventName, selector, callback);
            return this;
        },

        /**
         * Unbind an event handler to this element.
         *
         * @param {string} eventName (Optional) The event to unbind, e.g. 'click'.
         * @param {string} selector (Optional) The selector to unbind.
         * @param {function(Event, Element)} callback (Optional) The function to unbind.
         */
        off: function(eventName, selector, callback){
            off(this[0], eventName, selector, callback);
            return this;
        },

        // Backbone v0.9.2 support.
        bind: function(eventName, callback){
            return this.on(eventName, callback);
        },
        unbind: function(eventName, callback){
            return this.off(eventName, callback);
        },
        delegate: function(selector, eventName, callback){
            return this.on(eventName, selector, callback);
        },
        undelegate: function(selector, eventName, callback){
            return this.off(eventName, selector, callback);
        }
    };

    /**
     * Send an AJAX request.
     *
     * @param {Object} options The options to use for the connection:
     *      - {string} url The URL to connect to.
     *      - {string} type The type of request, e.g. 'GET', or 'POST'.
     *      - {string} dataType The type of data expected, 'json'.
     *      - {string} contentType The content-type of the data.
     *      - {string|object} data The content to send.
     *      - {function(XMLHttpRequest)} beforeSend A callback to call before sending.
     *      - {boolean} processData True if 'data' should be converted
     *          to a query string from an object.
     *      - {function({string|object}, {string}, {XMLHttpRequest})} success The success callback.
     *      - {function({XMLHttpRequest})} error The error callback.
     */
    $.ajax = function(options){
        options = options || {};
        var type = options.type || 'GET';
        var url = options.url;
        var processData = options.processData === undefined ? true : !!options.processData;
        var contentType = options.contentType || 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8';

        // Process the data for sending.
        var data = options.data;
        if (processData && typeof data === 'object'){
            var params = Object.keys(data).map(function(prop){
                return encodeURIComponent(prop) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(data[prop]);
            });
            data = params.join('&');
        }

        // Data for GET and HEAD goes in the URL.
        if (data && (type === 'GET' || type === 'HEAD')){
            url += (url.indexOf('?') === -1 ? '?' : '&') + data;
            data = undefined;
        }

        var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
        xhr.open(type, url, true);

        xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', contentType);
        if (options.beforeSend) options.beforeSend(xhr);

        xhr.onload = function(){
            var error = false;
            var content = xhr.responseText;

            // Parse the JSON before calling success.
            if (options.dataType === 'json'){
                try {
                    content = JSON.parse(content);
                } catch (e){
                    error = true
                }
            }

            if (!error && (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300)){
                // The last two arguments only apply to v0.9.2.
                if (options.success) options.success(content, xhr.statusText, xhr);
            } else {
                // This signature is inconsistent with v0.9.2, but is correct for 1.0.0.
                if (options.error) options.error(xhr);
            }
        }.bind(this);

        xhr.onerror = xhr.onabort = function(){
            if (options.error) options.error(xhr);
        };

        xhr.send(data);

        return xhr;
    };

    // Expose on/off for external use with having to instantiate a wrapper.
    $.on = on;
    $.off = off;

    if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
      module.exports = $;
    } else {
      var root = this;
      var originalBackboneNative = root.Backbone ? root.Backbone.Native : null;
      var original$ = root.$;
      if (root.Backbone) root.Backbone.Native = $;
      root.$ = $;

      $.noConflict = function(deep){
          root.$ = original$;
          if (deep) root.Backbone.Native = originalBackboneNative;
          return $;
      };

      if (root.Backbone){
          if (root.Backbone.setDomLibrary){ // v0.9.2
              root.Backbone.setDomLibrary($);
          } else { // v1.0.0
              root.Backbone.$ = $;
          }
      }
    }
}).call(this);